Repercusión de la pandemia COVID-19 en la práctica de la cardiología intervencional en Chile: datos aportados por la encuesta del grupo Stent-Save a Life! LATAM working group / Decrease in the activity of interventional cardiology in Chile: a report from the "Stent-Save a Life! LATAM working group"

RESUMEN: Introducción: El Stent-Save a Life! (SSL) LATAM working group diseñó una encuesta para objetivar la reducción de la actividad de los laboratorios de hemodinamia en Latinoamérica durante la pandemia COVID-19. Ante la amenaza de nuevos confinamientos en Chile, nos propusimos objetivar las consecuencias de la primera ola de contagios en nuestra actividad. Objetivos: Discutir la repercusión de la pandemia en la cardiología intervencional en Chile. Métodos: El grupo SSL realizó una encuesta telemática a todos los países de Latinoamérica incluido Chile. Se registraron las coronariografías (CAG), intervenciones coronarias percutáneas (ACTP) e intervenciones estructurales, comparando dos períodos determinados por el confinamiento por la pandemia, cada uno de dos semanas. Pre-COVID-19: período previo al confinamiento, y COVID-19: período durante el confinamiento. Se analizan, a partir de esta encuesta, los resultados aplicados a nuestro país. Resultados: Se obtuvo respuesta de trece centros. Hubo una reducción en el número global de procedimientos entre período Pre-COVID-19 y COVID-19 de un 65,1%. Se reportó una disminución de 67% en las CAG, de un 59,4% en las ACTP y de un 92% en los procedimientos terapéuticos estructurales. Entre ambos períodos se redujo la consulta por Síndrome Coronario Agudo por elevación del segmento ST (SCACEST) en 40,8%. Conclusiones: En nuestro país se objetivó una reducción marcada de la actividad asistencial de la cardiología intervencional durante la pandemia COVID-19 y una disminución significativa en el número de pacientes tratados por SCACEST. Los resultados de nuestro país son similares a los reportados por países de Latinoamérica, Europa y Norteamérica.

ABSTRACT: Background: The Stent-Save a Life! (SSL) LATAM working group designed a survey to demonstrate the reduction in the activity of cardiac catheterization laboratories in Latin America during the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the risk of a new confinement in Chile, we decided to assess the impact of the first wave of contagions on our activity. Aims: To discuss the repercussion of the COVID-19 pandemic on the activity of interventional cardiology in Chile. Methods: The SSL group conducted a telematic survey in all Latin American countries. Coronary angiography, coronary interventions (PCI) and structural interventions were registered, comparing two periods of two weeks duration each: before and during COVID-19 confinement. Results obtained in Chile are analyzed. Results: Thirteen centers in Chile answered the survey. There was an overall decrease of 65.1% in the number of procedures between the pre and the post COVID-19 periods. Coronary angiographies decreased 67%, PCI 59.4% and therapeutical structural procedures 92%. The reduction in acute coronary syndrome with ST segment elevation (STEMI) was 40,8% between periods. Conclusions: In Chile, a significant reduction in healthcare activity related to interventional cardiology and a significant decrease in the number of patients treated with STEMI was observed during the COVID-19 pandemic. The results are similar to those reported by Latin American, European and North American countries.

Clinical-epidemiological aspects of patients submitted to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in a university hospital / Aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos de pacientes sometidos a la Intervención Coronaria Percutánea en un hospital universitario / Aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos de pacientes submetidos à Intervenção Coronária Percutânea em hospital universitário

ABSTRACT Objective: To outline the clinical-epidemiological profile of patients submitted to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in a Reference Hospital in Urgent Cardiology Clinic of the state of Rio Grande do Norte. Method: This is a descriptive, exploratory, prospective study with a quantitative approach developed in a Brazilian University Hospital with patients submitted to Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. Data collection occurred between April and October 2017. Results: The sample consisted of 222 patients, of whom 58.10% underwent Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention and 41.89% were primary, 65.3% males, with a mean age of 62.7. In comorbidities "Hypertension", "Acute Myocardial Infarction", "Current Smoking" and "Physical Inactivity" were highlighted. Conclusion: In the elective patients, there was a high prevalence of risk factors and in patients with urgent cases, high time of total ischemia. It is necessary to create strategies to structure the care line, to improve the effectiveness of treatment and to minimize adverse outcomes.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Trazar el perfil clínico-epidemiológico de los pacientes sometidos a la Intervención Coronaria Percutánea en un Hospital de referencia en urgencia cardiológica del estado de Rio Grande do Norte. Método: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, exploratorio, prospectivo con abordaje cuantitativo, desarrollado en un Hospital Universitario brasileño con pacientes sometidos a la Intervención Coronaria Percutánea. La recolección de datos ocurrió entre abril y octubre de 2017. Resultados: La muestra compuesta por 222 pacientes. De esos, 58,10% fueron sometidos a la Intervención Coronaria Percutánea electiva y el 41,89% a la primaria, el 65,3% del sexo masculino; la media de edad fue de 62,7. En las comorbilidades, se destacaron Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica, Infarto Agudo de Miocardio previo, tabaquismo actual y sedentarismo. Conclusión: En los pacientes electivos, hubo alta prevalencia de factores de riesgo y en los pacientes de urgencia, elevado tiempo de isquemia total. Se hace necesario la creación de estrategias para estructurar la línea de cuidado, mejorar la eficacia del tratamiento y minimizar los resultados adversos.

RESUMO Objetivo: Traçar o perfil clínico-epidemiológico dos pacientes submetidos à Intervenção Coronária Percutânea em um Hospital de referência em urgência cardiológica do estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, exploratório, prospectivo, com abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido em um Hospital Universitário brasileiro com pacientes submetidos à Intervenção Coronária Percutânea. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre abril e outubro de 2017. Resultados: Amostra composta por 222 pacientes, destes, 58,10% foram submetidos à Intervenção Coronária Percutânea eletiva e 41,89% à primária, 65,3% do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 62,7. Nas comorbidades, destacaram-se "Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica", "Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio Prévio", "Tabagismo Atual" e "Sedentarismo". Conclusão: Nos pacientes eletivos, houve alta prevalência de fatores de risco e nos pacientes da urgência, elevado tempo de isquemia total. Faz-se necessário a criação de estratégias para estruturar a linha de cuidado, melhorar a eficácia do tratamento e minimizar os desfechos adversos.

Impact of myocardial revascularization method on smoking cessation: coronary artery bypass grafting versus percutaneous coronary intervention

Abstract Introduction: Smoking is a serious public health issue, being a precursor of heart disease and a predictor of sudden death due to myocardial ischemia. Major events in the patient's health can lead to radical changes in habits and the choice for different myocardial revascularization methods might differently impact smoking cessation and relapse. Objective: To study the rate and perpetuation of smoking cessation after myocardial revascularization comparing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods: Smokers submitted to myocardial revascularization were divided into CABG and PCI groups. The research was conducted through interviews at the Hospital Santa Lucinda outpatient clinic. Patients with smoking cessation longer than 90 days before hospital admission, combined procedures, hospital readmission before 360 days after discharge, cases of death at any time, and emergency procedures were excluded from the study. The start of the smoking cessation period was determined as just after hospital discharge, with a follow-up of 12 months. Results: The proportion of patients reporting smoking relapse was significantly lower in the CABG than in the PCI group at 30 (11.1% vs. 20.8%; P=0.039) and at 180 days (23.1% vs. 41.5%; P=0.002), but no differences were observed between the two groups at 360 days after hospital discharge (51.9% vs. 54.1%; P=0.719). High levels of nicotine dependence and passive smoking showed to be important predictors of smoking relapse in the long-term. Conclusion: The occurrence of a major surgical procedure seems to have beneficial psychological effects, representing an interesting setting for smoking cessation counseling to have higher chances of success.

Custos e Desfechos Clínicos na Intervenção Coronária Percutânea no Sistema Único de Saúde / Costs and Clinical Outcomes in Percutaneous Coronary Intervention by the Brazilian National Health System

O tratamento percutâneo da doença arterial coronariana (DAC) pode apresentar desfechos adversos relacionados às características da população e questões técnicas. DAC é uma das principais fontes de gastos com internações no SUS, especificamente o tratamento das síndromes coronarianas agudas (SCA), associado, principalmente, a procedimentos intervencionistas. Objetivos: Avaliar a efetividade e custo do tratamento de revascularização miocárdica percutânea realizado pelo SUS em hospital terciário em Minas Gerais. Métodos: Realizou-se uma coorte aberta prospectiva, com indivíduos submetidos à angioplastia coronária, pelo SUS, entre setembro/14 e abril/15. Os pacientes foram classificados conforme características clínicas e angiográficas e caráter do procedimento. Realizou-se acompanhamento por seis meses e avaliou-se a efetividade do tratamento. Foram levantados os gastos do SUS com os pacientes que realizaram os procedimentos eletivamente ou de urgência. Compararam-se os custos hospitalares com os valores pagos pelo SUS. Resultados: Em 83,2% dos 101 pacientes, o procedimento foi de urgência. Foram observados em seis meses: óbito (10,9%), reestenose clínica (7,9%) e infarto não fatal (2%). Não foram verificadas diferenças, com relação aos desfechos, entre os grupos angiográficos, clínicos e caráter do procedimento. Os valores pagos pelo SUS para tratamentos eletivos foram menores que os de urgência, com diferença do gasto mediano de R$1.768,75. Comparando-se os valores pagos pelo SUS aos custos da instituição, o déficit foi de R$ 430.095,30, com diferença mediana de R$ 2.283,74. Conclusões: O tratamento de revascularização miocárdica percutânea, pelo SUS, é efetivo. Os custos são maiores na urgência, e os valores pagos pelo SUS são deficitários. (Int J Cardiovasc Sci. 2016;29(6):431-442) Palavras-chave: Intervenção Coronária Percutânea / economia; Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) / economia; Doença da Arterial Coronariana; Avaliação de Resultado de Intervenções Terapêuticas; Custos Hospitalares

Percutaneous treatment of coronary arterial disease (CAD) can present adverse outcomes related to population characteristics and technical issues. CAD is one of the main sources of expense, with admission in the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS), more specifically with treatments for acute coronary syndromes (ACS), mainly associated to interventional procedures. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness and cost of percutaneous myocardial revascularization performed through SUS at a tertiary hospital in the Brazilian State of Minas Gerais. Methods: We used a prospective open cohort, with individuals who underwent coronary angioplasty, through SUS, between September 2014 and April 2015. The patients were classified according to clinical and angiographic characteristic and character of the procedure. A six-month follow up was carried out and we evaluated treatment effectiveness. We verified the health system's expenditures with patients who underwent the procedure electively or as emergency surgery. We compared hospital costs with the amounts paid by SUS. Results: Of the 101 patients, 83.2% of cases underwent the procedure as emergency surgery. In six months, we observed: death (10.9%), clinical restenosis (7.9%), and non-fatal infarction (2%). No differences were observed, regarding the outcomes, between angiographic, clinical groups and character of the procedure. Amounts paid by SUS for elective treatments were smaller than emergency ones, with a median difference in expenditure of R$ 1,768.75. When comparing the amounts paid by SUS to institution costs, the deficit was of R$ 430,095.30, with a median difference of R$ 2,283.74. Conclusions: Percutaneous myocardial revascularization treatment is effective through SUS. Costs are higher in emergency scenarios, and the amounts paid by SUS are deficient.

Changes in the Practice of Coronary Revascularization between 2006 and 2010 in the Republic of Korea

PURPOSE: Evidence suggests that technological innovations and reimbursement schemes of the National Health Insurance Service may have impacted the management of coronary artery disease. Thus, we investigated changes in the practice patterns of coronary revascularization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Revascularization and in-hospital mortality among Koreans > or =20 years old were identified from medical claims filed between 2006 and 2010. The age- and sex-standardized procedure rate per 100000 person-years was calculated directly from the distribution of the 2008 Korean population. RESULTS: The coronary revascularization rate increased from 116.1 (95% confidence interval, 114.9-117.2) in 2006 to 131.0 (129.9-132.1) in 2010. Compared to the rate ratios in 2006, the rate ratios for percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery in 2010 were 1.16 (1.15-1.17) and 0.80 (0.76-0.84), respectively. Among patients who received PCI, the percentage with drug-eluting stents increased from 89.1% in 2006 to 93.0% in 2010. In-hospital mortality rates from PCI significantly increased during the study period (p=0.03), whereas those from CABG significantly decreased (p=0.01). The in-hospital mortality rates for PCI and CABG were higher in elderly and female patients and at the lowest-volume hospitals. CONCLUSION: The annual volume of coronary revascularization continuously increased between 2006 and 2010 in Korea, although this trend differed according to procedure type. A high percentage of drug-eluting stent procedures and a high rate of in-hospital mortality at low-volume hospitals were noted.

The Effect of Admission at Weekends on Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Non-ST-segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome and Its Contributing Factors

We investigated the effects of weekend admission on adverse cardiac events in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). Patients with NSTEACS treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were divided into a "weekend group" and a "weekday group" according to the emergency room arrival time. The primary outcome was 30-day major adverse cardiac events (MACE) including cardiac death, recurrent myocardial infarction, repeat revascularization, and urgent PCI. Of 577 patients, 168 patients were allocated to the weekend and 409 patients to the weekday group. The incidence of 30-day MACE was significantly higher in the weekend group (Crude: 15.5% vs. 7.3%, P = 0.005; propensity score matched: 12.8% vs. 4.8%, P = 0.041). After adjustment for all the possible confounding factors, in Cox proportional hazard regression analysis, weekend admission was associated with a 2.1-fold increased hazard for MACE (HR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.26-3.60, P = 0.005). These findings indicate that weekend admission of patients with NSTE-ACS is associated with an increase in 30-day adverse cardiac event.

Investigation Route of the Coronary Patient in the Public Health System in Curitiba, São Paulo and in Incor - IMPACT Study / Itinerário de Investigação do Paciente Coronariano do SUS em Curitiba, São Paulo e Incor - Estudo IMPACT

Background: The investigation of stable coronary artery disease (CAD) and its treatment depend on risk stratification for decision-making on the need for cardiac catheterization and revascularization. Objective: To analyze the procedures used in the diagnosis and invasive treatment of patients with CAD, at the Brazilian Unified Health System (SUS) in the cities of Curitiba, São Paulo and at InCor-FMUSP. Methods: Retrospective, descriptive, observational study of the diagnostic and therapeutic itineraries of the Brazilian public health care system patient, between groups submitted or not to prior noninvasive tests to invasive cardiac catheterization. Stress testing, stress echocardiography, perfusion scintigraphy, catheterization and percutaneous or surgical revascularization treatment procedures were quantified and the economic impact of the used strategies. Results: There are significant differences in the assessment of patients with suspected or known CAD in the metropolitan region in the three scenarios. Although functional testing procedures are most often used the direct costs of these procedures differ significantly (6.1% in Curitiba, 20% in São Paulo and 27% in InCor-FMUSP). Costs related to the procedures and invasive treatments represent 59.7% of the direct costs of SUS in São Paulo and 87.2% in Curitiba. In InCor-FMUSP, only 24.3% of patients with stable CAD submitted to CABG underwent a noninvasive test before the procedure. Conclusion: Although noninvasive functional tests are the ones most often requested for the assessment of patients with suspected or known CAD most of the costs are related to invasive procedures/treatments. In most revascularized patients, the documentation of ischemic burden was not performed by SUS. .

Fundamento: A investigação da doença arterial coronariana (DAC) estável e seu tratamento dependem da estratificação de risco para a decisão sobre a necessidade de cateterismo cardíaco e revascularização. Objetivo: Analisar os procedimentos utilizados no diagnóstico e tratamento invasivo dos pacientes com DAC do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) nos municípios de Curitiba, São Paulo e no IIncor- FMUSP. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, descritivo, observacional dos itinerários diagnósticos e terapêuticos dos pacientes do SUS, entre os grupos submetidos ou não a testes não invasivos prévios ao cateterismo cardíaco invasivo. Foram quantificados os procedimentos de teste ergométrico, ecocardiograma de estresse, cintilografia de perfusão, cateterismo e tratamento com revascularização percutânea ou cirúrgica e o impacto econômico destas estratégias utilizadas. Resultados: Existem diferenças importantes na avaliação do paciente com DAC suspeita ou conhecida nos três cenários. Apesar dos testes funcionais serem os procedimentos mais frequentemente utilizados, os custos diretos referentes a esses procedimentos diferem significativamente (6,1% em Curitiba, 20% em São Paulo e 27% no Incor-FMUSP). Os custos relacionados aos procedimentos e tratamentos invasivos representam 59,7% dos custos diretos do SUS em São Paulo e 87,2% em Curitiba. No Incor-FMUSP, apenas 24,3% dos pacientes com DAC estável submetidos à revascularização foram submetidos a um teste não invasivo antes do procedimento. Conclusão: Apesar dos testes funcionais não invasivos serem os exames mais frequentemente solicitados na avaliação de pacientes com DAC suspeita ou conhecida, a maior parte dos custos está relacionada a procedimento/tratamento ...

The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and the Framingham Risk Score in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Intervention Over the Last 17 Years by Gender: Time-trend Analysis From the Mayo Clinic PCI Registry / 예방의학회지

OBJECTIVES: This study aims to investigate trends of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factor profiles over 17 years in percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) patients at the Mayo Clinic. METHODS: We performed a time-trend analysis within the Mayo Clinic PCI Registry from 1994 to 2010. Results were the incidence and prevalence of CVD risk factors as estimate by the Framingham risk score. RESULTS: Between 1994 and 2010, 25 519 patients underwent a PCI. During the time assessed, the mean age at PCI became older, but the gender distribution did not change. A significant trend towards higher body mass index and more prevalent hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and diabetes was found over time. The prevalence of current smokers remained unchanged. The prevalence of ever-smokers decreased among males, but increased among females. However, overall CVD risk according to the Framingham risk score (FRS) and 10-year CVD risk significantly decreased. The use of most of medications elevated from 1994 to 2010, except for beta-blockers and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors decreased after 2007 and 2006 in both baseline and discharge, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Most of the major risk factors improved and the FRS and 10-year CVD risk declined in this population of PCI patients. However, obesity, history of hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes, and medication use increased substantially. Improvements to blood pressure and lipid profile management because of medication use may have influenced the positive trends.

Estado de saúde percebido e adesão farmacológica em pacientes submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea / Estado de salud percibido y la adhesión farmacológica en pacientes sometidos a intervención coronaria percutánea / Perceived health status and pharmacological adherence of patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention

Os objetivos foram avaliar o estado de saúde percebido e a adesão farmacológica, e verificar a correlação entre essas medidas em pacientes submetidos à intervenção coronária percutânea, após alta hospitalar. Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado no período de maio de 2011 a julho de 2012. Utilizaram-se os instrumentos SF-36 e Medida de Adesão aos Tratamentos, com 101 pacientes. Destes, 54 (53,5%) eram homens, a idade média era 59,5±10,3 e 32 (32,7%) haviam passado por tratamento cardíaco prévio. Todos utilizavam medicamentos anti-hipertensivos; 99 (98%) utilizavam antiagregantes plaquetários; 98 (97%), redutores de colesterol e 59 (58,4%), vasodilatadores coronarianos. A média do número de medicamentos utilizados foi 6,8±2,1. A adesão farmacológica foi verificada em 98 (97%) pacientes. Os participantes apresentaram melhor estado de saúde nos componentes "Aspectos sociais" e "Capacidade funcional". Constataram-se correlações positivas e de moderada magnitude entre as medidas de adesão e "Capacidade funcional", "Estado geral de saúde" e "Aspectos sociais". Houve correlação entre adesão farmacológica e estado de saúde percebido.

Las finalidades fueran evaluar el estado de salud percibido y la adhesión farmacológica y, verificar la correlación entre esas medidas en pacientes sometidos a intervención coronaria percutánea, tras el alta. Estudio transversal, realizado en el periodo de mayo/2011 a julio/2012. Los instrumentos utilizados fueron: SF-36 y Medida de Adhesión a los Tratamientos, con 101 pacientes, 54 (53,5%) hombres; promedio de edad 59,5±10,3; con tratamiento cardiaco previo 32 (32,7%). Todos estaban usando medicación antihipertensiva, la mayoría utilizaba antiplaquetario, 99 (98%); reductores de colesterol, 98 (97%); y vasodilatadores coronarios, 59 (58,4%). El número promedio de medicamentos utilizados fue 6,8±2,1. Se observó la adherencia farmacológica en 98 (97%) pacientes. Los participantes mostraron mejor estado de salud en los Aspectos Sociales y Capacidad Funcional. Fueron encontradas correlaciones positivas y moderadas entre la medida de adhesión farmacológica y Capacidad Funcional, Salud General y Aspectos Sociales. Hubo correlación entre adhesión farmacológica y estado de salud percibido.

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the perceived health status and pharmacological adherence, and to verify the correlation between these measures in patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention, after hospital discharge. It was a cross-sectional study carried out from May 2011 to July 2012. The instruments used were: SF-36 and Measurement of Adherence to Treatment, with 101 patients, 54 (53.5%) of which were men; average age of 59.5±10.3; and 32 (32.7%) with previous cardiac treatment. All study participants were using antihypertensive drugs; the majority 99 (98%) used antiplatelet drugs; 98 (97%) used cholesterol reducers, and 59 (58.4%) used coronary vasodilators. The average number of drugs used was 6.8±2.1. Pharmacological adherence was observed in 98 (97%) patients. The participants presented best perceived health status in Social Functioning and Physical Functioning. Positive correlations of moderate magnitude were found between measurements of pharmacological adherence and Physical Functioning, General Health and Social Functioning. There was correlation between pharmacological adherence and perceived health status.